Female Urinary Incontinence Treatment Devices Market Move Toward Less-Invasive, Patient-Controlled Care

Female Urinary Incontinence Treatment Device Market Size and Forecast

The global female urinary incontinence treatment device market was valued at USD 2.18 billion in 2025 and is projected to reach USD 4.41 billion by 2035, growing at a CAGR of 7.3% during 2026-2035. The market includes internal vaginal support devices, urethral treatment systems, mid-urethral slings, urethral bulking systems, pelvic-floor stimulation and biofeedback devices, sacral and tibial neuromodulation systems, and other devices intended to reduce stress, urgency or mixed urinary incontinence in women.

Growth is being shaped by a move from delayed surgical intervention toward staged care. Women may progress from pelvic-floor training and intravaginal support to bulking, sling surgery or neuromodulation according to incontinence type, symptom severity, prior treatment, anatomy and personal preference. Product design is therefore shifting toward shorter procedures, remote or home-based therapy, fewer repeat visits, and lower long-term maintenance burden.

Key Highlights

• Internal vaginal and pelvic-floor devices generated 31% of 2025 revenue, equal to USD 675.8 million, supported by nonsurgical treatment and home-use pathways.
• Mid-urethral sling and surgical support systems accounted for 24%, or USD 523.2 million, and remain an established treatment category for stress urinary incontinence.
• Neuromodulation devices represented 20%, valued at USD 436 million, with tibial and sacral systems expanding options for urgency urinary incontinence.
• Stress urinary incontinence produced 57% of market revenue, equal to USD 1.24 billion, while urgency incontinence generated USD 654.0 million.
• North America led with 42% of global sales, or USD 915.6 million; Asia-Pacific held USD 457.8 million and offers the fastest long-term expansion.
• Competitive advantage increasingly depends on patient selection, training, reimbursement support, clinical evidence, and durable symptom control rather than device placement alone.

Market Scope

Market Definition: Treatment Must Be Separated from Containment

Female urinary incontinence products span therapy, symptom management and containment. This report counts devices with a therapeutic mechanism or a defined role in reducing leakage, strengthening pelvic-floor function, supporting the urethra, augmenting urethral closure or modulating bladder-control nerves. It excludes absorbent hygiene products and routine drainage catheters because they manage the consequences of leakage without treating the underlying dysfunction.

External urine-collection systems are tracked as an adjacent market. They can improve skin protection, sleep and caregiver workload in severe incontinence, but they are not included in the market total unless sold as part of a therapeutic system. Maintaining this boundary prevents large continence-care consumable revenues from obscuring demand for treatment devices.

Underdiagnosis Creates a Larger Access Gap Than Product Availability

Many women normalize leakage after childbirth, during menopause or with aging and delay discussing symptoms. Embarrassment, limited screening, uncertainty over care pathways and the belief that surgery is the only effective option reduce treatment rates. The commercial bottleneck is therefore not limited to device supply. It includes symptom recognition, primary-care screening, referral to urogynecology or urology, pelvic-floor therapy availability and reimbursement navigation.

Companies are responding with digital education, symptom tools, remote coaching and simplified office procedures. Products that allow a clinician to start conservative therapy quickly can widen the treated population, while minimally invasive procedures can retain patients who do not improve with first-line care. Evidence that connects symptom reduction with quality of life, physical activity and sleep is important because women may not define success solely as complete dryness.

Stress and Urgency Incontinence Require Different Device Strategies

Stress urinary incontinence occurs when pressure from coughing, exercise, lifting or sneezing exceeds urethral closure capacity. Treatment devices include intravaginal supports, pelvic-floor training systems, magnetic or electrical stimulation, urethral bulking and mid-urethral slings. Urgency urinary incontinence involves leakage associated with a sudden compelling urge and is addressed by bladder training, medicines, tibial nerve stimulation, sacral neuromodulation and other pathways.

Mixed incontinence combines both symptom patterns, making diagnosis and treatment sequencing more complex. A device effective for urethral support does not directly correct urgency, while a neuromodulation implant is not a substitute for stress-incontinence support. Market growth depends on accurate classification, shared decision-making and realistic outcome counseling. Suppliers that state the intended indication precisely and train clinicians on patient selection reduce misuse and improve persistence.

Conservative Digital Devices Are Building a Measurable First-Line Category

Pelvic-floor muscle training is widely recommended, but performance and adherence can be difficult without feedback. Connected intravaginal devices use sensors and smartphone applications to show contraction quality, guide short training sessions and record progress. Their value lies in converting unsupervised exercise into a structured therapeutic program. Remote coaching can address technique problems and maintain engagement without requiring repeated clinic visits.

This segment faces distinct adoption barriers. Women must accept intravaginal use, pair the device correctly, maintain hygiene and continue training long enough to see improvement. Clinicians need an efficient prescribing and onboarding workflow. Products with excessive setup, weak technical support or unclear data governance may lose adherence despite sound biomechanics. Successful suppliers combine the physical device with education, progress tracking and responsive support.

Minimally Invasive Procedures Are Reshaping the Treatment Middle Ground

Urethral bulking fills a gap between conservative care and sling surgery. Boston Scientific describes Bulkamid as a homogeneous hydrogel composed of 97.5% water and 2.5% cross-linked polyacrylamide for stress urinary incontinence. Office or outpatient delivery and limited dissection can appeal to women seeking a less-invasive procedure, although repeat treatment and individual response must be considered.

Single-incision and retropubic slings remain significant because they provide mechanical urethral support. Device choice depends on surgeon training, anatomy, previous procedures, evidence and country-specific regulation. Mesh-related litigation and safety communication have made informed consent, adverse-event surveillance and precise differentiation between products and procedures essential. Suppliers must support transparent benefit-risk discussion rather than relying on category-level familiarity.

Neuromodulation Is Becoming Smaller, Longer-Lived and More Patient-Controlled

Neuromodulation historically required staged procedures, implanted pulse generators and specialist follow-up. Newer tibial systems use compact implants near the ankle, external wearables or automatic stimulation to reduce treatment burden. Sacral neuromodulation continues to serve urgency incontinence and urinary retention, with rechargeable and recharge-free configurations.

BlueWind Medical’s Revi system uses an implant near the ankle and a battery-powered external wearable activated by the patient. In August 2026, the company received U.S. FDA clearance for Revi Extend with a stated 15-year implant life. Boston Scientific added Valencia Technologies’ eCoin implantable tibial nerve stimulation platform to a portfolio that already includes Axonics sacral neuromodulation. These developments broaden the choice of anatomy, energy source, maintenance model and patient interaction within nerve-based treatment.

Reimbursement and Clinical Workflow Determine Real Adoption

Regulatory clearance allows marketing for a defined indication, but it does not guarantee coverage, physician adoption or patient access. Each modality has a different economic pathway. Home pelvic-floor systems may use prescription, direct-pay or benefit coverage. Bulking and sling procedures depend on facility, professional and device payment. Neuromodulation requires procedure coding, prior authorization and long-term follow-up.

Shorter procedures and local anesthesia can improve capacity in specialty clinics and ambulatory centers. Hospitals retain complex patients and higher-acuity surgery, while office-based treatment can lower facility burden. Commercial teams need to support coding, documentation and patient authorization without making reimbursement promises. A device with strong efficacy may still underperform commercially if administrative steps cause patients to abandon treatment.

Regional and Country-Level Market Analysis

North America generated 42% of global revenue in 2025, equal to USD 915.6 million. The United States contributed USD 741.2 million, or 34% of worldwide sales, supported by specialist access, established procedure coding, active device innovation and strong adoption of bulking, slings and neuromodulation. Canada generated USD 98.1 million, with Mexico and the remaining regional market contributing USD 76.3 million. U.S. growth is moving toward office-based procedures, digital pelvic-floor therapy and implantable tibial stimulation.

Europe held 29% of 2025 revenue, valued at USD 632.2 million. Germany accounted for USD 130.8 million, or 6% of the global market, while the United Kingdom generated USD 87.2 million. France, Italy, Spain, the Nordic countries and Benelux formed the other major demand centers. European adoption varies with national health-service pathways, pelvic-floor physiotherapy capacity, procurement and medical-device regulation. Conservative care is well established, but access to specialist procedures and reimbursement differs substantially by country.

Asia-Pacific represented 21% of worldwide revenue, equal to USD 457.8 million. China contributed USD 119.9 million and Japan USD 102.5 million. Australia, South Korea, India and Southeast Asia made up the remaining USD 235.4 million. Japan’s aging female population supports demand for low-burden and reliable treatment, though reimbursement and local clinical evidence shape uptake. China combines a large untreated population with expanding private and public women’s health services. India offers long-term volume potential but faces limited urogynecology access and high out-of-pocket sensitivity.

Latin America accounted for 4.5% of the market, or USD 98.1 million. Brazil and Mexico are the principal procedural markets, followed by Argentina, Colombia and Chile. Private hospitals and specialist centers adopt advanced systems faster than public channels, while imported-device prices and surgeon training limit broad access. Local distribution and clinical education are critical because treatment selection is more complex than selling a commodity continence product.

The Middle East and Africa contributed 3.5%, valued at USD 76.3 million. Gulf countries support private urogynecology and hospital investment, while South Africa has the region’s strongest specialist infrastructure. Awareness, referral capacity and insurance coverage remain uneven across the wider region. Nonsurgical systems could widen access if suppliers establish culturally appropriate education and clinical supervision.

Competitive Landscape: The Market Is Converging Across Care Stages

Competition spans focused women’s-health businesses and diversified urology companies. Boston Scientific, Coloplast, Caldera Medical, Axena Health, BlueWind Medical, Wellspect HealthCare, Teleflex, Laborie, CooperSurgical, KARL STORZ and other suppliers participate in different portions of the treatment pathway. The landscape cannot be understood through one device class because conservative, office-based, surgical and neuromodulation technologies compete for different patients and clinical settings.

Larger companies benefit from sales coverage, physician education, reimbursement resources and portfolio breadth. Specialists compete by addressing a defined weakness in the pathway, such as pelvic-floor adherence, lower-procedure burden or implant longevity. Acquisitions are linking these categories: Boston Scientific’s addition of Axonics and Valencia Technologies expands its reach from slings and urethral bulking into sacral and tibial neuromodulation.

Recent Developments

• On August 19, 2026, Wellspect HealthCare launched the Surity Urinary Management System for U.S. home use, completing a portfolio that includes female and male external catheters. The system uses suction, a boost mode and carbon filters to support severe-incontinence management. Surity is adjacent to the treatment-device market rather than included in therapeutic revenue, but its launch shows rising investment in discreet home solutions and caregiver burden reduction.
• On August 13, 2026, BlueWind Medical received FDA 510(k) clearance for the Revi Extend implant for urgency urinary incontinence. The next-generation implant extends stated durability from 10 to 15 years and is designed for use with an external wearable that powers tibial nerve stimulation. BlueWind planned a limited U.S. launch in the fourth quarter of 2026.
• On July 1, 2026, Boston Scientific confirmed its acquisition of Valencia Technologies, developer of the eCoin implantable tibial nerve stimulation system. The acquisition adds an ankle-implanted therapy for urgency urinary incontinence alongside Axonics sacral neuromodulation and Boston Scientific’s pelvic-health products. The company stated that the eCoin procedure can typically be completed in about 20 minutes.
• On April 17, 2026, the FDA cleared PonteMed’s PELVIPOWER PelvicFMS, a prescription, nonimplanted Class II device for male and female urinary incontinence. The chair-based system provides noninvasive electromagnetic stimulation to strengthen and rehabilitate pelvic-floor muscles and restore neuromuscular control. The device includes an adjustable coil position, seat and leg rest.

Market Segmentation

By Treatment Modality

Internal vaginal support, pelvic-floor stimulation and biofeedback devices led with 31% of 2025 revenue, equal to USD 675.8 million. Mid-urethral sling and other surgical support systems represented 24%, or USD 523.2 million. Sacral and tibial neuromodulation generated 20%, valued at USD 436.0 million, supported by urgency-incontinence treatment and continued technology development.

Urethral bulking systems and related delivery devices accounted for 13%, equal to USD 283.4 million. External therapeutic supports and supervised electrical-stimulation systems held 7%, or USD 152.6 million. Other treatment devices contributed 5%, valued at USD 109.0 million. Revenue from absorbent and collection-only products is excluded.

By Indication

Stress urinary incontinence accounted for 57% of 2025 revenue, equal to USD 1.24 billion. Its leading share reflects the use of pelvic-floor devices, intravaginal supports, bulking and slings. Urgency urinary incontinence represented 30%, valued at USD 654.0 million, with neuromodulation forming the principal device-based advanced therapy. Mixed urinary incontinence held 13%, or USD 283.4 million. Mixed cases may require sequential or combined treatment rather than one device addressing every symptom.

By Material

Silicone, medical elastomers and related polymers represented 48% of market revenue, equal to USD 1.05 billion, due to their use in internal vaginal devices, leads, catheters and system components. Polypropylene mesh accounted for 29%, valued at USD 632.2 million, primarily through sling systems. Polyurethane components held 11%, or USD 239.8 million. Hydrogels, metals, electronics and other materials contributed 12%, equal to USD 261.6 million. Material categories classify each system by its principal patient-contact or therapeutic component.

By End User

Hospitals generated 41% of 2025 revenue, equal to USD 893.8 million, covering surgical, neuromodulation and complex diagnostic pathways. Urology, urogynecology, gynecology and pelvic-floor specialty clinics represented 35%, valued at USD 763.0 million. Ambulatory surgical centers accounted for 18%, or USD 392.4 million, supported by outpatient slings, bulking and minimally invasive implants. Supervised home-care channels held 6%, equal to USD 130.8 million, led by connected pelvic-floor and external stimulation systems.

Key Players

Boston Scientific Corporation, Coloplast A/S, Caldera Medical, Axena Health, BlueWind Medical, Wellspect HealthCare, Teleflex, Laborie Medical Technologies, CooperSurgical, KARL STORZ, PonteMed, Uresta and other regional pelvic-health companies participate across the treatment and adjacent continence-care landscape.

Boston Scientific Corporation

Boston Scientific offers one of the broadest female incontinence portfolios. Its stress-incontinence products include Advantage, Lynx, Obtryx II, Solyx and Ultra mid-urethral sling systems. Bulkamid provides a urethral bulking option using a non-particulate polyacrylamide hydrogel. The company also offers Axonics sacral neuromodulation for overactive bladder and urgency urinary incontinence.

The July 2026 acquisition of Valencia Technologies added the eCoin implantable tibial nerve stimulation system. This creates coverage across conservative-to-surgical decision points without relying on one mechanism. Boston Scientific’s competitive advantage lies in specialist sales reach, physician training, reimbursement resources and the ability to position bulking, sling, sacral and tibial therapies according to patient needs.

Coloplast A/S

Coloplast’s interventional urology business supplies female pelvic-health devices, including the Altis single-incision sling for stress urinary incontinence. Altis uses two static anchors and an adjustable mechanism intended to allow intraoperative tensioning through a single vaginal incision. The company also markets Aris transobturator and Supris retropubic sling systems in relevant jurisdictions.

Coloplast competes through urology specialization, clinician education and a global commercial footprint. Its continence-care presence creates broad relationships with urology providers, while interventional products address procedural treatment. The strategic opportunity is to connect established pelvic-health training with evidence and post-market support in a market where device safety communication remains critical.

Axena Health, Inc.

Axena Health commercializes the leva Pelvic Health System, a prescription digital therapeutic that combines an intravaginal motion-sensing device with a smartphone application. It is intended to strengthen and rehabilitate weak pelvic-floor muscles for stress, mixed and mild-to-moderate urgency urinary incontinence in women. The application supplies real-time visual feedback and records training progress, while the device supports brief home sessions.

Axena’s position is differentiated by adherence data, remote use and a non-drug, nonsurgical mechanism. The company’s commercial challenge is building screening, prescribing, coverage and patient onboarding at scale. Its platform can fit primary care, gynecology, urogynecology and pelvic-floor therapy pathways if workflow and support remain simple.

BlueWind Medical Ltd.

BlueWind Medical develops the Revi implantable tibial neuromodulation system for urgency urinary incontinence. A small implant is placed near the ankle during an outpatient procedure under local anesthesia and receives energy from a lightweight external wearable. The design avoids an implanted battery and lead, while allowing the patient to activate therapy at home.

FDA clearance of Revi Extend in August 2026 lengthened the stated implant life to 15 years. BlueWind reported three-year study outcomes in which 79% of patients achieved at least a 50% reduction in urgency-incontinence episodes and 63% achieved at least a 75% reduction; those results should be interpreted within the cited study design and patient population. The company competes through minimally invasive placement, patient-controlled therapy, and long implant durability.

Strategic Key Takeaways

• Stress and urgency incontinence require different mechanisms, making accurate diagnosis central to product selection and commercial outcomes.
• Internal vaginal and digital pelvic-floor systems can expand first-line care when onboarding, hygiene, coaching, and adherence are built into the service.
• Urethral bulking is strengthening the treatment middle ground between conservative therapy and sling surgery.
• Tibial neuromodulation is attracting investment through smaller implants, outpatient placement and reduced long-term maintenance.
• Product clearance must be paired with reimbursement support, clinician training and patient education to convert eligible populations into treatment.
• North America remains the largest revenue pool, while Asia-Pacific growth depends on awareness, specialist capacity and locally workable price points.
• Clear separation of treatment, symptom management and containment is essential when evaluating market size and competitive share.

Female Urinary Incontinence Treatment Device Market Overview

Female Urinary Incontinence Treatment Device Market is forecasted to grow at a high CAGR  during the forecast period (2023-2030). 170 Pages Report analyses the Female Urinary Incontinence Treatment Device market shares, recent trends, competitive intelligence and future market outlook. Female Urinary Incontinence Treatment Device usage due to Rising prevalence of urinary incontinence in pregnant women is on the rise. Demand fromthe regions in ‘Asia Pacific’ is booming. Competitive rivalry intensifies with Karl Storz, Johnson & Johnson, Coloplast, Boston Scientific, Teleflex, AMERICAN MEDICAL SOLUTIONS, Ethicon, Inc., Caldera Medical Inc. and others operating in the market.

Female urinary incontinence has been diagnosed as a condition that causes involuntary urination. Urinary incontinence or stress urinary incontinence typically occurs during physical activities, such as sneezing, coughing, running, or even during weightlifting, as these activities exert pressure on the urinary bladder. Urinary urge and stress incontinence are different, as the former occurs when the bladder muscles are contracted. Urinary stress incontinence affects women more than men and is mostly due to weak muscle sphincter, which can lead to social isolation. Female urinary incontinence is of two types: the first is urethral hypermobility and the second is due to an inherent sphincter deficiency. In the case of urethra hypermobility, increased abdominal pressure changes the position of the urethra. On the other hand, in the inherent sphincter of the deficiency, the sphincter has lost its ability to seal the deficiency of the intestinal sphincter. The major factors propelling the growth of the female urinary incontinence treatment device market are the rising prevalence of urinary incontinence in pregnant women, stress urinary incontinence due to diabetes, gynecology disorders, and urinary incontinence in postmenopausal women and rising cases of hysterectomy. Moreover, the rising incidence of obesity in the female population is the major factor expected to deliver significant growth to the market in the upcoming period. 

Female Urinary Incontinence Treatment Device Market Summary

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Female Urinary Incontinence Treatment Device Market Growth and Trends

Rising prevalence of urinary incontinence in pregnant women

According to the research published by BMC in January 2022, 1243 women were enrolled in the study. The prevalence of urinary incontinence during pregnancy was 52%. Most women suffer from mild or moderate incontinence. Multiple logistic regressions identified five risk factors. Urinary incontinence before pregnancy was the strongest predictor of incontinence, followed by the history of vaginal birth, coffee consumption, childhood enuresis and history of urinary tract infection. Urinary incontinence had a significant impact on health-related quality of life during pregnancy. Only 14.8% of pregnant women sought professional help for urinary symptoms. Factors significantly associated with urinary incontinence included age group, gestational age, parity, prior urinary incontinence, constipation, last childbirth mode of delivery, previous urinary tract infection, and body mass index during pregnancy.

Moreover, an increase in the penetration of private-label brands at much lower prices drives market growth in the forecast period. Due to the presence of a wide range of products on the market for female stress urinary incontinence treatment devices, small players are gaining interest and selling their products at lower prices. An increase in the penetration of private-label brands at much lower prices is expected to reduce the average overall price of female urinary incontinence stress treatment devices. It is likely to constrain the growth of the global market for female stress urinary incontinence treatment devices, as it is likely to hinder demand for expensive products.

Female Urinary Incontinence Treatment Device Market Segmentation Analysis

The internal vaginal device segment is projected to be the dominant segment in the market during the forecast period.

Based on the product type, the female urinary incontinence treatment device market has been classified into urethral devices and internal vaginal devices.

The internal vaginal devices segment can be further categorized into traditional devices and custom-made devices. Urinary stress incontinence is significantly more common in women than in men. Female urinary incontinence treatment device occurs when pelvic floor muscles or urinary sphincter are likely to lose strength, either due to women's childbirth or men's prostate surgery. Thus, due to such factors, the internal vaginal device is expected to hold a dominant position in the market.

The female urinary incontinence treatment device is segmented based on end-user, which includes hospitals, speciality clinics, and ambulatory surgical centers.

The hospital pharmacies segment is expected to hold a significant market share in the female urinary incontinence treatment device market. Hospital in the end-user segment is expected to have a significant share of the global market for urinary incontinence devices due to the large patient population treated in hospitals suffering from urinary incontinence. Moreover, hospitals are expected to grow with the highest CAGR in the forthcoming period with the rise in technological advancement in the industry.

Furthermore, the female urinary incontinence treatment device is segmented on the basis of material used, which includes polyurethane foam and silicone. Polyurethane foam is the dominating segment along with projected to grow with the highest CAGR in the forthcoming period.

Female Urinary Incontinence Treatment Device Market Geographical Share

North America is the dominating region during the forecast period.

Based on geography, the study analyzes the female urinary incontinence treatment device market in the global market, including North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, South America, and the Middle East & Africa.

North America is holding a dominant position in the global female urinary incontinence treatment device market in 2021. In North America, the U.S. is expected to represent considerable growth during the forecast period. In the U.S., the female urinary incontinence treatment device is expected to have potential growth due to the rising prevalence of urinary incontinence in pregnant women and stress urinary incontinence due to diabetes, gynecology disorders, and urinary incontinence in postmenopausal women.

The Asia-Pacific market is projected to expand significantly during the forecast period due to increased awareness, increased investment in health care to provide optimum facilities at affordable cost, and socio-economic development. The increase in the number of women smoking in China is expected to boost the market. Increased investment by prominent players in developing countries is expected to boost the market. The Middle East & Africa market is projected to expand slowly due to a lack of awareness, low disposable income, and limited healthcare facilities.

Female Urinary Incontinence Treatment Device Market Companies

The key female urinary incontinence treatment device market players contributing to the global market's growth include Karl Storz, Johnson & Johnson, Coloplast, Boston Scientific, Teleflex, and American Medical Solutions, among others. The major players are adopting new product launches and expansion strategies for global growth in the female urinary incontinence treatment device market. In May 2022, Renovia, a women-led company, advances the development of digital therapeutics for female pelvic floor disorders access to first-line treatment for female urinary incontinence with 1,000 leva prescribers. Leva is a pelvic health system that is easy to use and that help woman decreases the symptoms of urinary incontinence (UI) symptoms, including overactive bladder. Leva's accelerated adoption among healthcare providers reflects their desire to improve access to conservative treatment for UI. This condition affects 62% of adult women in the U.S. and tends to progress and worsen over time. In December 2021, Caldera Medical announced FDA approval for the New Desara TVez for Stress Urinary Incontinence. The company expands its product portfolio of treatment options for women suffering from Stress Urinary Incontinence. Caldera Medical collaborated with dozens of leading surgeons to bring enhanced ease of use and patient safety to life in the form of Desara TVez. In February 2022, Cook's medical business was acquired by Cooper Companies to sell the entirety of Cook's Reproductive Health business within the MedSurg division. Cooper Companies focuses on women's health and fertility solutions, providing innovative products and services for every step in the ART journey. Some key players follow merger and collaboration strategies to expand their business. For instance, in October 2020, Johnson & Johnson completed the acquisition of Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Inc. for approximately $6.5 billion. Momenta has made excellent progress in developing its medicines for rare diseases. Together they expand their business.

COVID-19 Impact Analysis

Negative impact on the global female urinary incontinence treatment device market.

The outbreak of COVID-19 has negatively impacted the growth of the female urinary incontinence treatment device market globally. Restrictions on hospital services have affected the specialized investigation and surgical management of patients with urinary incontinence. Therefore, the COVID-19 pandemic had a negative impact on the market value of the female urinary incontinence treatment device market in 2020.

The global female urinary incontinence treatment device market report would provide an access to approximately 61 market data tables, 50 figures and 170 pages.