Asia-Pacific and Africa Automotive Wiring Harness Market Report 2023

Asia-Pacific and Africa Automotive Wiring Harness Market Size, Share, Industry, Forecast and outlook (2023-2030)

<h2>Asia-Pacific and Africa Automotive Wiring Harness Market is segmented&nbsp;By Type (Standard Wiring Harness, Stereo Relocation Harness, Amplifier Integration Harness, Amplifier Bypass Harness, Chime Retention Harness, Premium Wiring Harness, Others),&nbsp;By Component (Electric Wire&nbsp;(Shielded Wire, Mesh Screen, Stranded Wire, Heat Resistant Wire, Others), Connector (Connector Type, Connector Accessories, Connector Housings, Data Connectivity Systems, Mechatronics, PCB Headers, Power Distribution Boxes, Seals &amp; Cavity Plugs), Connector System (Board-to-Board, Wire-to-Board, Wire-to-Bus Bar, Wire-to-Component, Wire-to-Device, Wire-to-Panel, Wire-to-Wire), Terminals (Ring Terminals, Spade Terminals, Hook Terminals, Quick-Disconnect Terminals, Bullet Terminals, Butt Terminals, Flagged Terminals, Others), Dressing (Bellows, PVC Pipe, Tape, Others), Line Protection Component (Fuse (Fast-Melting, Slow-Melting)), Breaker, Fusible Line, Others),&nbsp;By Material (Metal (Copper, Aluminum, Others), Plastic, Glass, Others),&nbsp;By Standard (Japanese Standard (AVSS), National Standard (QVR), German Standard (FLRY), American Standard AVSS (AVS), Others),&nbsp;By User (Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM), Aftermarket, Others),&nbsp;By Application (Body Wiring Harness, Engine Wiring Harness, Chassis Wiring Harness, HVAC Wiring Harness, Sensors Wiring Harness, Lighting Wiring Harness, Dashboard Wiring Harness, Battery Wiring Harness, Seat Wiring Harness, Sunroof Wiring Harness, Door Wiring Harness, Others),&nbsp;By End-User (Two Wheelers, Passenger Cars, Commercial Vehicles, Electrical Vehicle, Recreational Vehicles, Others),&nbsp;and By Region&nbsp;&ndash; Share, Size, Outlook, and Opportunity Analysis, 2022-2029</h2>

&nbsp;

<h2>Market Overview</h2>

<blockquote>
The Asia-Pacific and Africa Automotive Wiring Harness Market is expected to grow at a high&nbsp;<a href="https://www.datamintelligence.com/download-sample/asia-pacific-and-africa-automotive-wiring-harness-market">CAGR</a>&nbsp;during the forecasting period (2022-2029).
</blockquote>

The rise in electric vehicle demand all around the world due to favourable government policies is the major factor for the rise in the automotive wiring harness market

A wiring harness is an organized set of wires, terminals, and connectors that run throughout the entire vehicle and relay information and electric power, thereby playing a critical role in &ldquo;connecting&rdquo; a variety of components. Power and information travel through this network much like the circulatory and central nervous systems of the human body

The report covers all the major trends and drivers playing a vital role in the growth of the Asia-Pacific and Africa automotive wiring harness market. The Asia-Pacific and Africa automotive wiring harness market has been segmented based on Region, Type, Component, Material, Standard, User, Application and End-User

<h2>Market Dynamics:-</h2>

The Asia-Pacific and Africa automotive wiring harness market growth is primarily driven by the rise in electric vehicle sales all around the world owing to the favourable government policies to reduce pollution by switching to electric vehicles. According to International Energy Agency (IEA), in 2017, more than one Billion EVs were sold Asia-Pacific and Africa, with countries like Norway, China, and the US dominating the Asia-Pacific and Africa EVs market in terms of market share

However, the high maintenance cost due to the rusting problem of the metal will hinder the growth of the automotive wiring harness market for the forecast period. Another reason is the availability of the alternate connectors better than the harness. For instance, Panasonic has commercialized a connector with a unique structure that allows direct connection between an automotive FPC (flexible printed circuit) and the board. This connector eliminates the need for wire harnesses previously needed for connection

<h2>Segmentation Analysis:-</h2>

By Component, the Asia-Pacific and Africa automotive wiring harness market is segmented into Electric Wire, Connectors, Terminals, Dressing, Line Protection components and Others. Terminals have the dominant share in the Component segment and are expected to retain their dominance in the forecast period. However, the rise in the transportation industry due to the growing number of travellers will boost the automotive wiring harness industry. Rising advancement in the technology of the automobile industry such as self-driving is asking for more complex wire harnessing will drive the market for the terminals. However, the connectors will grow with higher CAGR due to the adoption of various safety systems such as airbags, anti-lock braking systems (ABS), and others that use connectors

By End-User, the Asia-Pacific and Africa automotive wiring harness market are segmented into Two Wheelers, Passenger Cars, Commercial Vehicles (Bus, Truck, Heavy Commercial Vehicles, Agricultural Vehicles (Tractor, Harvester, Balers, Others), Others), Electrical Vehicle, Recreational Vehicles and Others. Passenger Cars have the dominant position in the automotive wiring harness Vehicle type segment and is expected to retain their dominance in the forecasted period due to the large demand and sales of passenger cars all around the world. Moreover, the rise in demand for electric passenger cars is also boosting the market for the following period. However, the rising pollution is creating demand for commercial electric vehicles which will boost the market of wiring harnesses for the commercial vehicle segment in the forecast period

<h2>Geographical Analysis:-</h2>

By geography, the Asia-Pacific and Africa automotive wiring harness market is segmented into Asia-Pacific (APAC) and Africa

&nbsp;Asia-Pacific holds the largest market share for the automotive wiring harness market due to the increasing sales of passenger cars in the region. The major contributor to the market share in China, Japan, and India. The rise in sales of passenger cars in the region is having a direct impact on the automotive wiring harness market

Africa is after Asia-Pacific in terms of market share in the Asia-Pacific and Africa automotive wiring harness market, due to the rise in the production and sales of commercial vehicles in the region. South Africa and Nigeria are having large sales of commercial vehicles. The growing need for various features such as HVAC and other safety systems in commercial vehicles will be boosting the market for the wiring harness market for the forecast period

<h2>Competitive Landscape:-</h2>

Key players are adopting strategies such as investing in R&amp;D, new product launches, expansion in distribution channels to stand out as strong competitors in the market. Asia-Pacific and Africa automotive wiring harness market is a fragmented market with the presence of various Asia-Pacific and Africa and regional players in the market. The major players include Delphi Automotive LLP, Furukawa Electric Co. Ltd, Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd., Lear Corporation, and THB Group. Other key players in the market include SPARK MINDA, Samvardhana Motherson Group, Nexans Auto electric, Yazaki Corporation, and Yura Corporation

In July 2019, A new way of wiring a car has been revealed by electric carmaker Tesla that may greatly improve the production time of upcoming models such as the Model Y and its all-electric Tesla ute. By using the new wiring system as published in a new patent, the EV maker also hopes to avoid the type of issues it faced when it tried to automate the production of the Model 3

In February 2019, Aurangabad-headquartered Dhoot Transmission, the second-largest wiring harness manufacturer in the two-wheeler segment in the country, has acquired San Electronic, Bengaluru-based iconic brand in wire harness and control panel in of highway and railway sector to enhance its portfolio, especially in railways, defence, construction, and speciality vehicle segments

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<h2 style="background:#eeeeee; border:1px solid #cccccc; padding:5px 10px">Table of Contents</h2>

<ol>
	<li>
	&nbsp;&nbsp;Methodology and Scope

	<ol>
		<li>
		Research Methodology
		</li>
		<li>
		Research Objective and Scope of the Report
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>
	&nbsp;&nbsp;Market Definition and Overview
	</li>
	<li>
	&nbsp;&nbsp;Executive Summary

	<ol>
		<li>
		Market Snippet by &nbsp;Type
		</li>
		<li>
		Market snippet by Component
		</li>
		<li>
		Market snippet by Material
		</li>
		<li>
		Market snippet by Standard
		</li>
		<li>
		Market snippet by User
		</li>
		<li>
		Market snippet by Application
		</li>
		<li>
		Market Snippet by End-user
		</li>
		<li>
		Market Snippet by Region
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>
	&nbsp;&nbsp;Market Dynamics

	<ol>
		<li>
		Market Impacting Factors
		</li>
		<li>
		Drivers

		<ol>
			<li>
			Increase in demand for electric vehicles
			</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>
		Restraints:

		<ol>
			<li>
			High maintenance cost
			</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>
		Opportunity
		</li>
		<li>
		Impact Analysis
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>
	&nbsp;&nbsp;Industry Factors

	<ol>
		<li>
		Porter&rsquo;s Five Force Analysis
		</li>
		<li>
		Supply Chain Analysis
		</li>
		<li>
		Covid-19 Analysis

		<ol>
			<li>
			Analysis of Covid-19 on the Market*

			<ol>
				<li>
				Before COVID-19 Market Scenario
				</li>
				<li>
				Present COVID-19 Market Scenario
				</li>
				<li>
				After COVID-19 or Future Scenario
				</li>
			</ol>
			</li>
			<li>
			Pricing Dynamics Amid Covid-19
			</li>
			<li>
			Demand-Supply Spectrum
			</li>
			<li>
			Government Initiatives Related to the Market During Pandemic
			</li>
			<li>
			Manufacturers Strategic Initiatives
			</li>
			<li>
			Conclusion
			</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>
	&nbsp;&nbsp;COVID-19 Analysis

	<ol>
		<li>
		Analysis of Covid-19 on the Market

		<ol>
			<li>
			Before COVID-19 Market Scenario
			</li>
			<li>
			Present COVID-19 Market Scenario
			</li>
			<li>
			After COVID-19 or Future Scenario
			</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>
		Pricing Dynamics Amid Covid-19
		</li>
		<li>
		Demand-Supply Spectrum
		</li>
		<li>
		Government Initiatives Related to the Market During Pandemic
		</li>
		<li>
		Manufacturers Strategic Initiatives
		</li>
		<li>
		Conclusion&nbsp;
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>
	&nbsp;&nbsp;By Type

	<ol>
		<li>
		Introduction

		<ol>
			<li>
			Market Size Analysis, and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type Segment
			</li>
			<li>
			Market Attractiveness Index, By Type Segment
			</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>
		Standard Wiring Harness*

		<ol>
			<li>
			Introduction
			</li>
			<li>
			Market Size Analysis, and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
			</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>
		Stereo Relocation Harness
		</li>
		<li>
		Amplifier Integration Harness
		</li>
		<li>
		Amplifier Bypass Harness
		</li>
		<li>
		Chime Retention Harness
		</li>
		<li>
		Premium Wiring Harness
		</li>
		<li>
		Others
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>
	&nbsp;&nbsp;By Component

	<ol>
		<li>
		Introduction

		<ol>
			<li>
			Market Size Analysis, and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Component
			</li>
			<li>
			Market Attractiveness Index, By Component
			</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>
		Electric Wire*

		<ol>
			<li>
			Introduction
			</li>
			<li>
			Market Size Analysis, US$ Million, 2018-2029 and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), 2020-2029
			</li>
			<li>
			Shielded Wire

			<ol>
				<li>
				Transverse Bandaging Shield
				</li>
				<li>
				Tin-Coated Soft Copper Wire
				</li>
				<li>
				Soft Copper Wire
				</li>
			</ol>
			</li>
			<li>
			Mesh Screen

			<ol>
				<li>
				Tin-Coated Soft Copper Wire
				</li>
				<li>
				Soft Copper Wire
				</li>
				<li>
				Foil (Copper) Shielding
				</li>
				<li>
				Foil (Aluminum) Shielding
				</li>
				<li>
				Others
				</li>
			</ol>
			</li>
			<li>
			Stranded Wire
			</li>
			<li>
			Heat Resistant Wire
			</li>
			<li>
			Others
			</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>
		Connector

		<ol>
			<li>
			Connector Type

			<ol>
				<li>
				Automotive, Truck, Bus, &amp; Off-Road Terminals

				<ol>
					<li>
					Pin
					</li>
					<li>
					Receptacle
					</li>
					<li>
					Ring Tongue
					</li>
					<li>
					Socket
					</li>
					<li>
					Splice
					</li>
					<li>
					Tab
					</li>
				</ol>
				</li>
			</ol>
			</li>
			<li>
			Connector Accessories

			<ol>
				<li>
				Connector Caps &amp; Covers
				</li>
				<li>
				EMC Shielding
				</li>
				<li>
				Locks &amp; Position Assurance
				</li>
				<li>
				Others
				</li>
			</ol>
			</li>
			<li>
			Connector Housings

			<ol>
				<li>
				Housing for Female Terminals
				</li>
				<li>
				Housing for Male Terminals
				</li>
			</ol>
			</li>
			<li>
			Data Connectivity Systems
			</li>
			<li>
			Mechatronics
			</li>
			<li>
			PCB Headers
			</li>
			<li>
			Power Distribution Boxes
			</li>
			<li>
			Seals &amp; Cavity Plugs
			</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>
		Connector System

		<ol>
			<li>
			Board-to-Board
			</li>
			<li>
			Wire-to-Board
			</li>
			<li>
			Wire-to-Bus Bar
			</li>
			<li>
			Wire-to-Component
			</li>
			<li>
			Wire-to-Device
			</li>
			<li>
			Wire-to-Panel
			</li>
			<li>
			Wire-to-Wire
			</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>
		Terminals

		<ol>
			<li>
			Ring Terminals
			</li>
			<li>
			Spade Terminals
			</li>
			<li>
			Hook Terminals
			</li>
			<li>
			Quick-Disconnect Terminals
			</li>
			<li>
			Bullet Terminals
			</li>
			<li>
			Butt Terminals
			</li>
			<li>
			Flagged Terminals
			</li>
			<li>
			Others
			</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>
		Dressing

		<ol>
			<li>
			Bellows
			</li>
			<li>
			PVC Pipe
			</li>
			<li>
			Tape
			</li>
			<li>
			Others
			</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>
		Line Protection Component

		<ol>
			<li>
			Fuse

			<ol>
				<li>
				Fast-Melting
				</li>
				<li>
				Slow-Melting
				</li>
			</ol>
			</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>
		Breaker
		</li>
		<li>
		Fusible Line

		<ol>
			<li>
			0.3 MM2
			</li>
			<li>
			0.5 MM2
			</li>
			<li>
			0.75 MM2
			</li>
			<li>
			1.0 MM2
			</li>
			<li>
			1.5 MM2
			</li>
			<li>
			8 MM2
			</li>
			<li>
			Others
			</li>
			<li>
			Relay

			<ol>
				<li>
				Current Type
				</li>
				<li>
				Voltage Type
				</li>
			</ol>
			</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>
		Others
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>
	&nbsp;&nbsp;By Material

	<ol>
		<li>
		Introduction

		<ol>
			<li>
			Market Size Analysis, and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Material
			</li>
			<li>
			Market Attractiveness Index, By Material
			</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>
		Metal *

		<ol>
			<li>
			Introduction
			</li>
			<li>
			Market Size Analysis, and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
			</li>
			<li>
			Copper
			</li>
			<li>
			Aluminum
			</li>
			<li>
			Others
			</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>
		Plastic
		</li>
		<li>
		Glass
		</li>
		<li>
		Others
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>
	&nbsp;By Standard

	<ol>
		<li>
		Introduction

		<ol>
			<li>
			Market Size Analysis, and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Standard Segment
			</li>
			<li>
			Market Attractiveness Index, By Standard
			</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>
		Japanese Standard (AVSS) *

		<ol>
			<li>
			Introduction
			</li>
			<li>
			Market Size Analysis, US$ Million, 2018-2029 and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), 2020-2029
			</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>
		National Standard (QVR)
		</li>
		<li>
		German Standard (FLRY)
		</li>
		<li>
		American Standard AVSS (AVS)
		</li>
		<li>
		Others
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>
	&nbsp;&nbsp;By User

	<ol>
		<li>
		Introduction

		<ol>
			<li>
			Market Size Analysis, and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By User
			</li>
			<li>
			Market Attractiveness Index, By User
			</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>
		Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM)* *

		<ol>
			<li>
			Introduction
			</li>
			<li>
			Market Size Analysis, US$ Million, 2018-2029 and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), 2020-2029
			</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>
		Aftermarket
		</li>
		<li>
		Others
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>
	&nbsp;&nbsp;By Application

	<ol>
		<li>
		Introduction

		<ol>
			<li>
			Market Size Analysis, and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
			</li>
			<li>
			Market Attractiveness Index, By Application
			</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>
		Body Wiring Harness *

		<ol>
			<li>
			Introduction
			</li>
			<li>
			Market Size Analysis, US$ Million, 2018-2029 and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), 2020-2029
			</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>
		Engine Wiring Harness
		</li>
		<li>
		Chassis Wiring Harness
		</li>
		<li>
		HVAC Wiring Harness
		</li>
		<li>
		Sensors Wiring Harness
		</li>
		<li>
		Lighting Wiring Harness
		</li>
		<li>
		Dashboard Wiring Harness
		</li>
		<li>
		Battery Wiring Harness
		</li>
		<li>
		Seat Wiring Harness
		</li>
		<li>
		Sunroof Wiring Harness
		</li>
		<li>
		Door Wiring Harness
		</li>
		<li>
		Others
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>
	&nbsp;&nbsp;By End-User

	<ol>
		<li>
		Introduction

		<ol>
			<li>
			Market Size Analysis, and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
			</li>
			<li>
			Market Attractiveness Index, By End-User
			</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>
		Two Wheelers *

		<ol>
			<li>
			Introduction
			</li>
			<li>
			Market Size Analysis, US$ Million, 2018-2029 and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), 2020-2029
			</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>
		Passenger Cars
		</li>
		<li>
		Commercial Vehicles

		<ol>
			<li>
			Bus
			</li>
			<li>
			Truck
			</li>
			<li>
			Heavy Commercial Vehicle
			</li>
			<li>
			Agricultural Vehicles
			</li>
			<li>
			Tractor
			</li>
			<li>
			Harvester
			</li>
			<li>
			Balers
			</li>
			<li>
			Others
			</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>
		Electrical Vehicle
		</li>
		<li>
		Recreational Vehicles
		</li>
		<li>
		Others
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>
	&nbsp;&nbsp;By Region

	<ol>
		<li>
		Introduction
		</li>
		<li>
		Market Size Analysis, and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Region
		</li>
		<li>
		Market Attractiveness Index, By Region
		</li>
		<li>
		Asia-Pacific

		<ol>
			<li>
			Introduction
			</li>
			<li>
			Key Region-Specific Dynamics
			</li>
			<li>
			Market Size Analysis, and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
			</li>
			<li>
			Market Size Analysis, and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Component
			</li>
			<li>
			Market Size Analysis, and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Material
			</li>
			<li>
			Market Size Analysis, and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Standard
			</li>
			<li>
			Market Size Analysis, and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By User
			</li>
			<li>
			Market Size Analysis, and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
			</li>
			<li>
			Market Size Analysis, and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-user
			</li>
			<li>
			Market Size Analysis, and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country

			<ol>
				<li>
				China
				</li>
				<li>
				India
				</li>
				<li>
				Japan
				</li>
				<li>
				Australia
				</li>
				<li>
				▪Rest of Asia-Pacific
				</li>
			</ol>
			</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>
		Africa

		<ol>
			<li>
			Introduction
			</li>
			<li>
			Key Region-Specific Dynamics
			</li>
			<li>
			Market Size Analysis, and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
			</li>
			<li>
			Market Size Analysis, and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Component
			</li>
			<li>
			Market Size Analysis, and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Material
			</li>
			<li>
			Market Size Analysis, and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Standard
			</li>
			<li>
			Market Size Analysis, and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By User
			</li>
			<li>
			Market Size Analysis, and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
			</li>
			<li>
			Market Size Analysis, and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-user
			</li>
			<li>
			Market Size Analysis, and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country

			<ol>
				<li>
				South Africa
				</li>
				<li>
				Nigeria
				</li>
				<li>
				Rest of Africa
				</li>
			</ol>
			</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>
	&nbsp;&nbsp;Competitive Landscape

	<ol>
		<li>
		Competitive Scenario
		</li>
		<li>
		Market Positioning/Share Analysis
		</li>
		<li>
		Mergers and Acquisitions Analysis
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>
	&nbsp;&nbsp; Company Profiles

	<ol>
		<li>
		Delphi Automotive LLP.*

		<ol>
			<li>
			Company Overview
			</li>
			<li>
			Product Portfolio and Description
			</li>
			<li>
			Key Highlights
			</li>
			<li>
			Financial Overview
			</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>
		Furukawa Electric Co. Ltd
		</li>
		<li>
		Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd.
		</li>
		<li>
		Lear Corporation
		</li>
		<li>
		THB Group
		</li>
		<li>
		SPARK MINDA
		</li>
		<li>
		Samvardhana Motherson Group
		</li>
		<li>
		Nexans Autoelectric
		</li>
		<li>
		Yazaki Corporation
		</li>
		<li>
		Yura Corporation
		</li>
		<li>
		Cloom
		</li>
		<li>
		Tyco (Johnson Controls)
		</li>
		<li>
		Cypress Industries
		</li>
		<li>
		Aptiv
		</li>
		<li>
		Fujikura Ltd
		</li>
		<li>
		LEONI AG
		</li>
		<li>
		Saison Electronics Ltd
		</li>
		<li>
		shenzhen Deren Electronics co., LTD.
		</li>
		<li>
		Unity Harness Limited
		</li>
		<li>
		Prysmian Group
		</li>
		<li>
		Others(List Not Exhaustive)
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>
	&nbsp;&nbsp;DataM

	<ol>
		<li>
		Appendix
		</li>
		<li>
		About Us and Services
		</li>
		<li>
		Contact Us
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

&nbsp;