Growing demand for compact, portable and accurate diagnostic chemical sensor
According to a report published by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), chronic illnesses affect every second adult in the U.S. and are responsible for 75% of healthcare expenditure. In 2008, health care costs in the U.S. were 16.8% of GDP and, by 2022, are expected to reach 20%. Even though the urbanization inclination globally is rising, 55% of residents in developing countries still live in rural areas. Many compact devices are produced for plant pathogen detection, but current technologies are restricted to detecting known pathogens with limited detection accuracy. A biosensor for plant pathogen detection should be compact, simple enough to be used on-site by growers and producers, and able to detect multiple plant pathogens and their associated alternatives. Due to the continuing war on terrorism and increasing security concerns, the demand for rapid-detection biosensors against bio-warfare agents for civil defense and military applications has grown to monitor patient's health conditions by point-of-care-testing remotely. The demand for biosensors to detect biological warfare agents has grown and research is focused on manufacturing small portable devices that would allow accurate, fast and on-site detection In the past decade, the requirement for accurate and rapid on-site detection of plant disease diagnosis has grown due to emerging pathogens with resistance to pesticides, risen human mobility and regulations limiting the application of toxic chemicals to prevent the spread of diseases.
The significance of microelectromechanical systems-based and microfluidics-based biosensors has been widely acknowledged and many reviews have explored their potential applications in clinical diagnostics, personalized medicine, global health, drug discovery, food, safety and forensics. Because health care costs are rising, the demand is increasing. The portability of biosensors for on-site diagnosis is restricted due to various issues, including fluid-handling techniques, sample preparation techniques, device packaging, limited lifetime of biological reagents, integrating electronics for data collection/analysis and demand for external power and accessories. Many electronic, microfluidic and biological design strategies, such as handling liquids in biosensors without pumps/valves, applying droplet-based microfluidics, paper-based microfluidic devices, and wireless networking capabilities for data transmission, are being explored.
Increasing environmental concerns drive the market growth
Nowadays, advanced technology demands more efficient chemical sensors for excellent applications to work in gaseous/liquid environments. Consequently, there is a significant effort towards high-performance devices with enhanced combinations into electronic circuits employing microelectronics technology. The mass-produced chemical sensors could open up majority markets for the industry and environmental monitoring. Low-cost pollution sensors are widely publicized, in principle offering increased information on the distribution of air pollution and democratization of air quality measurements to amateur users. A chemical sensor is composed of a transducer and an active layer. Many materials such as inorganic, hybrid organic-inorganic or organic polymers can be used as active layers, offering that pollutants can diffuse into the matrix and be trapped, thus transforming the physical or chemical properties of the material.
Air pollution is the combination of indoor and outdoor particulate matter and ozone that is a risk factor for many of the leading causes of death, including stroke, lower respiratory infections, heart disease, diabetes, lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In 2017, it was responsible for over 5 million deaths globally, contributing to 9% of all deaths, nearly 1 in 10 deaths globally.
Urbanization and industrialization have intensified environmental health risks and pollution, especially in developing countries. According to the World Bank, at an international level, the cost associated with health damage from ambient air pollution is estimated to be USD 5.7 trillion, equivalent to 4.8% of global GDP. In individual countries, the economic weight of pollution associated with premature mortality and morbidity is also significant, equivalent to 5-14% of countries' GDPs, which is expected to increase the demand for the chemical sensor
Susceptibility to indoor air pollutants can lead to a broad range of adverse health outcomes in children and adults, from respiratory diseases to cancer to eye diseases. Members of households that rely on polluting materials and fuels also suffer a higher risk of poisonings, burns, musculoskeletal injuries and accidents. Around 3 billion people, i.e., more than 40% of the world's population – still do not have access to clean cooking fuels and technologies in their homes, the primary source of household air pollution. As a result, exposure to smoke from cooking fires causes 3.8 million premature deaths each year, mostly in low and middle-income countries.
More than 4300 cities in 108 countries are now incorporated in WHO's ambient air quality database, making this the world's most extensive database on ambient air pollution. Since 2016, more than 1000 new cities have been added to WHO's database, noting that more countries measure and take action to decrease air pollution than ever before
For instance, in just two years, India's Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana Scheme has produced 37 million women living below the poverty line with free LPG connections to support them to switch to clean household energy use. In addition, Mexico City has committed to cleaner vehicle standards, including a move to soot-free buses and a ban on private diesel cars by 2025. WHO predicts that around 90% of people worldwide breathe polluted air. Over the past six years, ambient air pollution levels have continued high and approximatively stable, with declining concentrations in some parts of Europe and the Americas. Europe has the highest number of places reporting data.
The highest ambient air pollution levels are in the Eastern Mediterranean Region and South-East Asia, with yearly mean levels often exceeding five times WHO limits, followed by low and middle-income cities in Western Pacific and Africa.
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